What is A Topographic Map?

The distinctive characteristic of a topographic map is the usage of elevation contour lines to show the form of the Earth's floor. Elevation contours are imaginary strains connecting points having the identical elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference floor, which is normally imply sea stage. Contours make it possible to show the peak and form of mountains, the depths of the ocean backside, and the steepness of slopes.


LIDAR is an ideal system for a wide range of industries, including the civil engineering, roadwork and инженерно-геодезические изыскания mining industries. How Does LIDAR Work? A LIDAR instrument consists of a laser, a scanner and a GPS receiver mounted on a platform. This platform could also be mobile or stationary, aerial or terrestrial, based on the wants of the application — the laser, scanner and GPS receiver are the only constants. Surveying is the artwork and science that determines the dimensional relationships between physical options, pure and artificial, on, beneath, or above the Earth's surface. This is done by measuring instructions or angles and distance between factors. 4 principal forms of surveys embrace (1) land surveys, (2) engineering surveys, (3) geodetic surveys, and (four) cartographic surveys. Cartographic surveys include geodetic control surveys, topographic feature surveys, and hydrographic function surveys, plus varied specialty surveys, together with air surveys, to compile any crucial thematic information for a particular map or chart. Geodetic surveys take into consideration the size and shape of the Earth and set up the basic horizontal and vertical management factors, or stations and benchmarks, of known elevation above sea level (see Satellite Geodesy and Geodynamics).


There are two sorts of LIDAR — topographic and bathymetric. Topographic: Topographic LIDAR measures distances on land utilizing a close to-infrared laser. This is important for nearly all of civil engineering, roadwork and mining operations, which require measuring distances on land. Bathymetric: Bathymetric LIDAR measures distances in aquatic environments by using a water-penetrating green light laser. This kind of LIDAR is commonly used in civil engineering and roadwork applications that require working with underwater environments, equivalent to underneath bridges.